Assets any wealth you own, including but not limited to money, house, land, recreational properties, investments, jewelry, belongings, movable or immovable, capital or non-capital properties, real or personal, ancestral or non-ancestral properties. Muslim law on property is very broad, and it covers anything you own that many attorneys and lawyers agree with. A Muslim property law under Shariah is called Faraidh (i.e., compulsory). The single dollar you own as cash or in the bank considers an asset. Even though there is a great benefit and wisdom in the Islamic inheritance divisions, many consider it rigid, strict, and difficult to follow. You can not discover the real beauty unless you learn, and that's why we encourage you to join our Islamic Inheritance course offered through Wassiyyah Academy. Not having Islamic Wills or Trust can result in losing many opportunities, including debt fulfillment, financial or wealth obligations, charitable donations of non-heirs division, inheritance opportunities instead of Intestacy, and salvation. All these opportunities will be bypassed without an estate or succession plan. Muslim succession law needs a better understanding before devising the share of inheritance as per Shariah law, as certain deductions (i.e., debts, expenses, taxes, testamentary bequests, or other obligations) must be made before property distribution in Islam.
There is no distinctions between moveables and immoveables or between real and personal property or estates. The estate available for the Islamic inheritors consisted of all the assets of the deceased that remain after the payments of debts, expenses, islamic obligations and bequests. Each inheritors entitlement is expressed in terms of a fractional share and attaches in specie to the various properties which make Islamic inheritance. - Succession in the Muslim Family, Chapter 3, Primary heirs, P-40, by N.J. Coulson
Applying Property Shares in Islam
After successfully finding out each share as per Islamic law of property distribution, you can apply the Total share to assets, funeral, administration and legal expenses, zakat, taxes, debts, and bequest to calculate the final assets that go to inheritors per the equation shown above. Bequest refers to the value between 0.1 to 0.33 i.e., allowing not more than one-third of total assets.
Total assets
The Muslim law of property distribution includes cash, house, land, business assets, and investments. However, it excludes the joint owners' assets under the Right of survivorship. It will also exclude any assets, investments, or insurance where the beneficiaries are designated. It is not straightforward to cover these assets unless you create an individual or family Trust or another estate plan, depending on your situation. To learn more about asset types and their implications, watch the video "Joint or Co-ownership in Islam" under the YouTube channel "Wassiyyah."
Funeral expenses
Legally and reasonably, it should account for all funeral expenses. You can exclude Burial expenses if the funeral expenses are paid through private companies (arranged in advance by a deceased person) or by local Muslim congregations or associations.
Expenses
An administrator can account for all legal costs, including probate fees or other expenses that may incur for settling assets. It may sometimes be challenging to account for these expenses in advance while finalizing the shares for inheritors. So, the executor or trustee may decide on the holdback amount (i.e., typically 5-15% of total assets in general) along with consultation with all inheritors. This way, the administrator does not have to go back to the inheritors asking for money in a shortfall. An executor or trustee can pay the remaining amount from holdback to the inheritors.
Zakat
This is considered a religious debt or obligation and is payable as soon as possible. The responsible executor can gather information about how much Zakat, Kaffarat, or other remaining obligations need to pay, then he or she can pay for the deceased. There is a difference of opinion about "Zakat" or "Zakah," you should note.
Taxes
This may include personal income tax, business tax, inheritance tax, estate tax, or other tax payable. It is encouraged to gather all documents beforehand. The trustee can contact the Income-tax provider as specific income-tax rules must follow for the deceased person's final tax return. Paying taxes must be handled carefully; otherwise, the trustee will be legally and religiously incompliant due to outstanding debts.
Debts
This does not include only personal debts but all commercial or industrial debts too. Loans, Mortgages, Lines of credit, or any outstanding payments must be paid in full. You will rarely find a situation in today's world where a deceased person does not own any liabilities. It is a legal responsibility for an administrator to inform creditors by declaring through advertisements, especially for those left with large assets. It is unfortunate sometimes that people left with enormous debt have nothing left for inheritors to distribute. Every Muslim must make an effort to pay off debts in their lifetime or think before signing up for any debts.
Bequest
The bequest must be paid immediately before inheritors get their share. The Executor can easily find out from either Islamic Will or Trust how much bequest a deceased has declared. In some situations, the debt may turn out to be more than the bequest; you should seek an Islamic scholar's opinion before making any decision in this regard.
We gave details about the Sunni Islamic Inheritance rules that can be applied to any situation irrespective of the number of inheritors or Residuary; as long as you stick to the principles, you can calculate in any given circumstance.
Allah, the Most Glorified and the Most High, knows the best. As a human, We are limited to everything and can not perceive it in totality...